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Jocelin of Glasgow
Jocelin (or Jocelyn) (died 1199) was a twelfth-century Cistercian monk and cleric who became the fourth Abbot of Melrose before becoming Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland. He was probably born in the 1130s, and in his teenage years became a monk of Melrose Abbey. He rose in the service of Abbot Waltheof, and by the time of the short abbacy of Waltheof's successor Abbot William, Jocelin had become prior. Then in 1170 Jocelin himself became abbot, a position he held for four years. Jocelin was responsible for promoting the cult of the emerging Saint Waltheof, and in this had the support of Enguerrand, Bishop of Glasgow.
His Glasgow connections and political profile were already well-established enough that in 1174 Jocelin succeeded Enguerrand as Glasgow's bishop. As Bishop of Glasgow, he was a royal official. In this capacity he travelled abroad on several occasions, and performed the marriage ceremony between King William the Lion and Ermengarde de Beaumont, later baptising their son, the future King Alexander II. Among other things, he has been credited by modern historians as "the founder of the burgh of Glasgow and initiator of the Glasgow fair",〔For this view and quote, see Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin, abbot of Melrose), and bishop of Glasgow)", in ''The Innes Review'', vol. 54, no. 1 (Spring, 2003), p. 1.〕 as well as being one of the greatest literary patrons in medieval Scotland, commissioning the ''Life of St Waltheof'', the ''Life of St Kentigern'' and the ''Chronicle of Melrose''.
==Early life==
Jocelin and his family probably came from the south-east of Scotland. The names of neither his father nor his mother are known, but he had two known brothers, with the names Helia and Henry, and a cousin, also called Helia. The names suggest that his family were of French, or at least Anglo-Norman origin, rather than being a Scot or native Anglo-Saxon.〔Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 2.〕 There are some indications that his family held land in South Lanarkshire, namely because they seem to have possessed rights in the church of Dunsyre.〔A. A. M. Duncan, "Jocelin (d. 1199)", in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press'', 2004 (accessed 29 Nov 2006 ).〕 It is unlikely that he would have thought of himself as "Scottish". For Jocelin's contemporary and fellow native of the Borders, Adam of Dryburgh, this part of Britain was still firmly regarded as ''terra Anglorum'' (the "Land of English"), although it was located inside the ''regnum Scottorum'' (the "Kingdom of the Scots").〔The full Latin description is "in terra Anglorum et in regno Scottorum", Adam of Dryburgh, ''De tripartito tabernaculo'', II. 210, tr. Keith J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), ''Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages'', (East Lothian, 2000), p. 133.〕 This would be no obstacle to Jocelin, however. His Anglo-French cultural background was in fact probably necessary for the patronage of the King of Scots. As Walter of Coventry wrote of King William's era, "the modern kings of Scotland count themselves as Frenchmen, in race, manners, language and culture; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following, and have reduced the Scots to utter servitude".〔W. Stubbs (ed.), ''Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria'', (Rolls Series, no. 58), ii. 206; trans. G. W. S. Barrow, "The Reign of William the Lion", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), ''Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages'', (Edinburgh, 1972), p. 72.〕
Like that of almost every character from this period, Jocelin's year of birth is unknown to modern historians. It is known that he entered as a novice monk in Melrose Abbey during the abbacy of Waltheof (ab. 1148–1159), and from documentary evidence it seems likely that Jocelin entered Melrose about 50 years before his death in 1199. As the rules of the Cistercian order prevented entry as a novice before the age of 15, it is likely that he was born around the year 1134.〔For this argument, and the references to the relevant primary material, see Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 1–2.〕 Little is known about Jocelin's early life or his early career as a Melrose monk. He obviously successfully completed his one-year noviciate, the year in which a prospective monk was introduced to monasticism and judged fit or unfit for admittance. We know that Abbot Waltheof (Waldef) thought highly of him and granted him many responsibilities.〔 After the death of Abbot Waltheof, his successor, Abbot William, refused to encourage the rumours which had quickly been spreading about Waltheof's saintliness. Abbot William attempted to silence such rumours, and shelter his monks from the intrusiveness of would-be pilgrims. However, William was unable to get the better of Waltheof's emerging cult, and his actions had alienated him from the brethren. As a result, William resigned the abbacy in April 1170.〔For the account of Abbot William and the cult of Waltheof, see Richard Fawcett, & Richard Oram, ''Melrose Abbey'', (Stroud, 2004), pp. 23–24.〕 Jocelin was by this stage the Prior of Melrose, that is, the second in command at the monastery, and thus William's most likely replacement.
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